ʻO ka ASTM A672 kahi kikoʻī maʻamau no ka paipu kila uila-fusion-welded no ka lawelawe puʻe kiʻekiʻe ma nā wela haʻahaʻa. Hoʻopili kēia kikoʻī i nā ʻano paipu, kēlā me kēia me nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā waiwai. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o kēia mau māka aia i loko o kā lākou haku mele, mālama wela, a me nā waiwai mechanical.
ka ASTM A672 paipu Loaʻa ka kikoʻī i nā māka he nui, i koho pinepine ʻia e kahi leka a me ka hui helu. Hōʻike ka leka i ke ʻano o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela i hoʻohana ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo ka helu e hōʻike ana i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ikaika tensile ma ksi (mau kaukani paona i ka ʻīniha square). ʻO nā māka maʻamau ka A672 B60, B65, B70, C60, C65, C70, D60, D65, a me D70.
ʻO nā inoa leka ma nā helu ASTM A672 e hōʻike ana i nā mālama wela aʻe:
- B: Hana maʻamau.
- C: Hana maʻamau a huhū.
- D: Hoʻopiʻi a huhū.
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o kēia mau māka ʻo ke kaʻina hana wela. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā paipu maʻamau (nā māka B) i kahi mahana kikoʻī a laila ʻae ʻia e hoʻolili i ka ea mālie. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka hana palaoa a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ka mea. ʻO nā paipu maʻamau a me nā paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (C grades) e loaʻa i kahi kaʻina hana hoʻonaninani hou ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi hou ai i kā lākou mau waiwai. Hoʻomaʻalili koke ʻia nā paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻonāuki ʻia (D grades) mai nā wela kiʻekiʻe a laila hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou ʻia i kahi wela haʻahaʻa, e loaʻa ana i kahi ʻano hana maikaʻi me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī.
Hōʻike ka ʻāpana helu o ka papa inoa i ka liʻiliʻi o ka ikaika tensile. No ka laʻana, he 60 ksi ka ikaika tensile haʻahaʻa o ka paipu papa B60, ʻoiai he 70 ksi ka ikaika o ka paipu papa C70. Hāʻawi kēia helu i kahi kuhikuhi wikiwiki no ka ikaika o ka paipu.
ʻO kekahi ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā māka paipu ASTM A672 ʻo kā lākou ʻano kemika. ʻOiai ua hana ʻia nā māka āpau mai ke kila kalapona, hiki ke ʻokoʻa nā mea hoʻohuihui kikoʻī a me ko lākou mau ʻāpana. Loaʻa i nā paipu papa kiʻekiʻe ka nui o nā mea hoʻohuihui e hoʻokō i nā waiwai mechanical i hoʻonui ʻia. No ka laʻana, loaʻa i nā māka me nā koi ikaika kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka manganese, silicon, a i ʻole micro-alloying element e like me vanadium a i ʻole niobium.
|
|
|
Pehea ka ʻokoʻa o nā waiwai mechanical ma waena o nā māka ASTM A672?
ʻO nā pono mīkini o ASTM A672 paipu ʻokoʻa nui nā māka, ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o kā lākou haku mele a me nā kaʻina hana wela. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau ʻokoʻa i nā waiwai mechanical no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kūpono o kēlā me kēia papa no nā noi kikoʻī. ʻO nā waiwai mīkini koʻikoʻi e ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā māka ASTM A672 e pili ana i ka ikaika tensile, ka ikaika hua, elongation, a me ka paʻakikī hopena.
ʻO ka ikaika ʻo Tensile: E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, ʻo ka ʻāpana helu o ka papa inoa e hōʻike ana i ka koi ikaika tensile liʻiliʻi ma ksi. ʻo kahi laʻana:
- Loaʻa i nā māka A672 B60, C60, a me D60 ka ikaika tensile haʻahaʻa o 60 ksi (415 MPa).
- Loaʻa i nā māka A672 B65, C65, a me D65 ka ikaika tensile haʻahaʻa o 65 ksi (450 MPa).
- Loaʻa i nā māka A672 B70, C70, a me D70 ka ikaika tensile haʻahaʻa o 70 ksi (485 MPa).
He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo he mau koi liʻiliʻi kēia, a ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o nā waiwai ikaika tensile maoli. ʻO ka ikaika tensile kahi ana o ka hiki o ka paipu ke pale aku i ka haki ʻana ma lalo o ka ʻāʻī a he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kona hiki ke hoʻoikaika.
Ka ikaika o ka hua: ʻokoʻa nō hoʻi kona ikaika hua ma nā papa. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā paipu kiʻekiʻe (ʻo nā mea me nā koi ikaika tensile kiʻekiʻe). ʻO ka ikaika o ka hoʻoulu ʻana, ʻo ia ke koʻikoʻi kahi e hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o kahi mea i ka plastically a he mea koʻikoʻi ia no nā mea hoʻolālā hoʻolālā ke helu ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi i ʻae ʻia no kahi ʻōnaehana paipu. Mai ka 35 ksi (240 MPa) no nā māka haʻahaʻa a hiki i ka 60 ksi (415 MPa) a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe no nā māka ikaika loa.
Elongation: ʻO ka elongation kahi ana o ka ductility o kahi mea, e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka hiki ke kikoo ma mua o ka haki ʻana. Hōʻike ʻo ASTM A672 i nā koi elongation liʻiliʻi no kēlā me kēia papa, maʻamau mai 16% a 22% i 2 iniha (50.8 mm). ʻOi aku ka nui o ka elongation waiwai e hōʻike ana i ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka haki ʻana. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa nā koi elongation kikoʻī ma muli o ka mānoanoa o ka paia o ka paipu a me ka hoʻāʻo specimen orientation.
Impact Toughness: He waiwai koʻikoʻi ka Impact toughness no nā paipu i hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a i ʻole nā mea i pili i ka hoʻouka ikaika. Ana ia i ka mea hiki ke komo i ka ikehu i ka wā kiʻekiʻe-wikiwiki deformation. No ka mea Nā paipu ASTM A672, Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka paʻakikī o ka hopena me ka hoʻāʻo Charpy V-notch. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka ikehu koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā māka a ua kuhikuhi pinepine ʻia ma muli o nā kūlana lawelawe i manaʻo ʻia. No ka laʻana, ʻo nā paipu i manaʻo ʻia no ka lawelawe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e koi aku i nā waiwai paʻakikī hopena i nā wela haʻahaʻa i kuhikuhi ʻia.
ʻO ka paʻakikī: ʻOiai ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia i ka maʻamau ASTM A672, hiki i ka paʻakikī ke lilo i waiwai mīkini koʻikoʻi no kekahi mau noi. Hoʻopili maʻamau ka paʻakikī me ka ikaika tensile, me nā māka ikaika kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike ana i nā koina ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka paʻakikī nui ke alakaʻi i kekahi manawa i ka emi ʻana o ka ductility a me ka weldability, no laila pono e paʻi ʻia ke kaulike ma muli o nā koi noi kikoʻī.
ʻO wai nā noi kūpono i kēlā me kēia papa paipu ASTM A672?
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā paipu ASTM A672 i nā ʻoihana like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā noi e koi ana i ka lawelawe puʻuwai kiʻekiʻe ma nā wela haʻahaʻa. ʻO ke koho ʻana i ka papa kūpono loa e pili ana i nā mea e like me ke kaomi hana, ka mahana, nā kūlana kaiapuni, a me nā koi o ka papahana. Eia kahi hiʻohiʻona o nā noi maʻamau no nā ʻokoʻa A672 paipu māka:
A672 B60, C60, a me D60 Papa: ʻO kēia mau māka, me ka ikaika tensile haʻahaʻa o 60 ksi, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā noi kaomi haʻahaʻa a me kahi e pono ai ka weldability maikaʻi. He kūpono lākou no:
- ʻO ka paipu maʻamau ma nā mea kanu petrochemical.
- Nā laina hoʻoili wai ma nā ʻoihana ʻoihana.
- Nā laina mokuahi haʻahaʻa a hiki i ke kaomi waena.
- Nā noi hoʻolālā i nā papahana kūkulu.
Ua koho pinepine ʻia ka papa maʻamau (B60) no kona kaulike maikaʻi o ka ikaika a me ka ductility. Hiki ke koho ʻia nā māka maʻamau a ʻoluʻolu (C60) a i ʻole quenched and tempered (D60) i ka wā e koi ʻia ai ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi loa no ka lawelawe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
Nā Papa A672 B65, C65, a me D65: Me ka ikaika tensile haʻahaʻa o 65 ksi, hāʻawi kēia mau māka i ka ikaika i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka moʻo 60. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i:
- ʻO nā ʻōnaehana paipu piʻi kiʻekiʻe ma nā hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me nā mea kanu kemika.
- Nā paipu hoʻoili kinoea kūlohelohe.
- Nā laina mokuahi haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe.
- Nā laina wai hānai ma nā hale hana mana.
ʻO nā māka C65 a me D65, ma muli o ko lākou hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka paʻakikī mai ka mālama ʻana i ka wela, ua koho pinepine ʻia no nā noi kahi e pono ai ka hana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a i ʻole ka hopena hopena.
A672 B70, C70, a me D70 Papa: ʻO kēia nā māka ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa i loko o ka kikoʻī ASTM A672, me ka ikaika tensile haʻahaʻa o 70 ksi. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i nā noi koi loa, e like me:
- Nā paipu hoʻouna ʻaila a me ke kinoea kiʻekiʻe.
- He paipu kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi ma nā mea kanu petrochemical.
- Nā ʻōnaehana wai hānai kiʻekiʻe i nā mea kanu mana.
- Nā hale hana aila a me ke kinoea ma waho.
ʻO ka papa D70, ke kinai ʻia a me ka huhū, hāʻawi pinepine i ka hui maikaʻi loa o ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī, kūpono ia no nā noi koʻikoʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea e pili ana i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a i ʻole ke kaumaha kiʻekiʻe.
ASTM A672 paipu No ke kuai
I ke noi ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo a i ʻole ke kau ʻana i nā kauoha no nā paipu ASTM A672, e hōʻoia e kuhikuhi:
- ʻO ka papa pololei e pono ai (e laʻa, A672 C70).
- Ka nui o ka paipu (ka anawaena o waho a me ka mānoanoa o ka paia).
- Nā koi lōʻihi.
- Hoʻomākaukau hoʻopau (e laʻa, beveled no ka welding).
- Kekahi ho'āʻo hou a nānā 'ana.
- Ka nui e pono ai.
- Ka palena manawa a me ka wahi i makemake ʻia.
Loaʻa i nā huahana LONGMA GROUP ka launa pū ʻana me nā hale hana maka, nā lako kākoʻo hoʻomohala piha a piha, kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻomalu maikaʻi, a me kahi kumu hoʻohālike e mālama i kā mākou kumukūʻai hana ma kahi pae haʻahaʻa. Inā ʻoe e koho i kāu Nā mea hana paipu ASTM A672, e hoʻokipa iā mākou ma info@longma-group.com.
Ke koho ʻana i kahi mea hoʻolako no nā paipu ASTM A672, pono e noi i nā mea hoʻohālike a i ʻole nā hōʻike hōʻike e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi a me ka hana o nā paipu ma mua o ke kau ʻana i kahi kauoha nui. No nā noi koʻikoʻi, hiki paha iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo e kipa i ka hale hana e nānā pono i kā lākou hana hana a me nā ana hoʻomalu maikaʻi.
He hoʻokūkū ka mākeke honua no nā paipu ASTM A672, me nā mea hoʻolako mai nā ʻāina like ʻole e hāʻawi nei i kēia mau huahana. ʻO nā wahi hana paipu kila nui e pili ana iā Kina, India, ʻEulopa, a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. I ka wā e ʻimi ai i ka honua, e hōʻoia i ka helu ʻana i nā kumukūʻai kaʻa, nā dute lawe mai, a me nā pilikia logistical hiki i kāu hoʻoholo kūʻai.
Ke hoʻomau nei ka makemake o nā ʻōnaehana paipu kiʻekiʻe i nā ʻoihana e like me ka aila a me ke kinoea, nā petrochemical, a me ka hana mana, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka loaʻa a me ka maikaʻi o nā paipu ASTM A672. ʻO ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻano mākeke, nā holomua ʻenehana i ka hana paipu, a me nā loli i nā kūlana ʻoihana hiki ke kōkua iā ʻoe e hana i nā hoʻoholo kūʻai maikaʻi loa no kāu mau papahana.
